Australian Taxation Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Australian Taxation Law - Assignment Example The $5,000 got after the exchanging time frame qualify as salary for the period finished 30 June 2010. This is as per gatherings bookkeeping technique; salary is perceived when it is earned. This is as per and necessities of area 6-5. The exchanging stock for Philip’s business must be assessed by the general guideline of representing stock-S70-35(1). The contrast between the opening and shutting stock is added to assessable salary on the grounds that the end stock surpasses opening stock-S70-35(2). The permissible conclusions (division 8) incorporate the $2,000 which was a cost from the substitution of the forced air system S25-10. The sum is limited to the cost that Phillip acquired since he exchanged the cooling framework which produced back pay S6-5. W Thomas and co v FCT? purchased a structure and didn't realize that the structure had harm when they got it †the courts held that the ATO will treat consumption that cures imperfections, harm or disintegration to property as capital if the deformity, harm or decay existed at the hour of obtaining of the property, and didn't emerge from the tasks of the individual who acquires the use. Note †the simple actuality that the buyer didn't realize that underlying fixes were required at the hour of procurement is unessential. His advantage collected on an advance that was utilized in revamping the investment properties bringing about an age of assessable salary S25-25(1). The $500 he utilized for supplanting the light is additionally a deductible salary since it falls under fixes and substitution S25-10. Fine paid by Phillip to the neighborhood doesn't qualify as a derivation according to the S26-5 expressing that punishments are not deductible sums. The costs acquired in the assembling of the tennis racquet likewise, are a piece of the deductible remittance as it is a cost brought about in producing an assessable salary S8-1. Under Division 30, gifts are deductible stipends as long as they are deliber ate and, no security guaranteed. This can be identified with the foundation gift. Nonetheless, the blessings he introduced to family and the 5 racquets he took for individual use don't qualify as deductible remittance S26-54. Paper 2 Joan’s complete available pay Joan’s pay $ Salary 375,000 Home product magazine 24,000 13,500 537,500 Agreement 230,000 Payment for harms through mishap 360,000 590,000 Total assessable pay 1,127,500 Allowable conclusions $ Pain and enduring 10,000 University Union expenses 650 Textbooks 750 Photocopying and composing help 350 Travel 450 2,200 Total suitable derivations 12,200 Joan’s all out available pay Assessable pay 1,127,500 Allowable reasonings 12,200 Total available pay 1,115,300 Joan’s all out available pay adds up to $1,000,300.â

NFLDraft Busts Free Essays

NFL Drafts are consistently an energizing time. Such huge numbers of forecasts, so much master investigation, so much time, cash, and vitality all spent on one objective: To choose which players will have accomplishment in the NFL. A huge measure of difficult work goes into drafting a solitary player. We will compose a custom article test on NFLDraft Busts or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now Groups spend endless hours, days, months, and even years attempting to make sense of which possibilities have the best potential to discover achievement. The NFL Draft comprises of 7 rounds of the considerable number of rounds the first round is the most advertised and foreseen and justifiably so as probably the best school players are drafted in this round. When drafted in the first round the future possibility needs to satisfy the huge desires that accompany being drafted in the first round. Some proceed to discover accomplishment in the NFL and satisfy their obligation as a first round pick, anyway there are numerous conditions where initially round picks neglect to satisfy the hopes. In that situation they are viewed as a â€Å"Bust†. Albeit first round picks have tremendous strain to perform well they are likewise liberally paid. In 2008, the normal ensured compensation for a first-round pick in the NFL was $11,924,000. For second-round picks, that number drops to $1,932,000, while third-round picks found the middle value of $668,000 ensured. The precarious drop represents the noteworthy monetary significance a higher draft opening has for a possibility. So it’s simple to perceive any reason why there is such a great amount of weight on first round picks. Anyway the first round isn't the main round of the draft there are six additional rounds behind it. Groups can insubordinately discover ability in all rounds of the Draft. Corridor of Fame quarterback Joe Montana was drafted in the third cycle, 3-time MVP Brett Favre was drafted in the second round and 3-time Super Bowl champ and future Hall of Famer Tom Brady was drafted in the sixth round with the 199th generally speaking pick. Indeed, even with all the incomparable NFL Draft picks there are some extremely terrible and honestly inept draft choices. For each Tom Brady there is a JaMarcus Russell. All things considered we presently separate the Top 10 most exceedingly awful draft picks in NFL history. Picks that cost their groups millions and the opportunity to draft future NFL stars and Hall of Famers. 10. Jeff George, QB, Illinois (1990/Round: 1/Pick: 1) The Colts exchanged to draft George, making him the primary pick in the 1990 draft, and afterward remunerated him with the most extravagant new kid on the block contract in NFL history. What ought to have been a fantasy profession with his old neighborhood Colts diverted terrible nearly from the beginning? When it finished after four seasons with an exchange to the Atlanta Falcons, he had made awful motions to the old neighborhood fans, contended with Coach Ted Marchibroda, waited for 36 days, and attempted to get an exchange. George would end up being an apprentice quarterback being on seven unique groups. He had a passer rating of 80. 4 and tossed for 27,602 yard with 154 Touchdowns and 113 block attempts. 9. Blair Thomas, RB, Penn State (1990/Round: 1/Pick: 2) Thomas was drafted by the New York Jets in the first round (second in general) of the 1990 NFL Draft. His NFL playing profession traversed six seasons. In spite of driving NFL freshmen in yards-per-convey and AFC new kids on the block in all out yardage, he is generally viewed as another in a long queue of Jets draft dissatisfactions. Thomas scrambled for just 2,000 yards and five touchdowns in his four seasons with the Jets. Thomas endured a progression of annoying wounds starting in 1992 and was discharged by the Jets following the 1993 season. He started the 1994 season with the New England Patriots, however completed it with the Dallas Cowboys. He finished up his NFL profession with the Carolina Panthers in 1995. 8. Akili Smith, QB, Oregon (1999/Round: 1/Pick: 3) Taken by the Cincinnati Bengals with the No. 3 generally speaking pick in 1999 draft, Smith never got a handle on the complexities of the NFL game and neglected to show the hard working attitude required to prevail in the association. He began only 17 games once again four years with the Bengals, tossing only five touchdowns. He had two bombed rebounds with the Packers and Buccaneers before an uneventful, short spell in the CFL. Concerning life after football, in March 2010 Smith turned into an alumni football collaborator at Cal. He was recruited by lead trainer Jeff Tedford, who recently instructed Smith at Oregon as hostile facilitator. 7. Lawrence Phillips, RB, Nebraska (1996/Round: 1/Pick: 6) Phillips was drafted 6th generally speaking in the 1996 NFL Draft by the St. Louis Rams regardless of his significant character issues; a few groups with higher picks pronounced they passed on him in view of his off-the-field inconveniences. Phillips had the 1996 and impact of the 1997 seasons with the Rams before declining to appear for a group meeting and practice in a debate with mentor Dick Vermeil exaggerating time in November 1997. The Rams cut Phillips in 1997.. Phillips is ostensibly one of the greatest draft day goofs in NFL history, the Rams had a favorable opinion of him that the group exchanged his ancestor, Jerome Bettis, to the Pittsburgh Steelers following drafting Phillips, an exchange that would later demonstrate helpful to the Steelers. After the Rams he played two games with the Miami Dolphins before being cut. He later played for the 49ers, CFL, AFL, and NFL Europe. His solitary profession feature is a notorious one as he missed a significant square on all-master cornerback Aeneas Williams who continued to take out Steve Young during a Monday Night Football match-up against the Arizona Cardinals. This injury would prompt the finish of Young’s vocation. Phillips had one run-in with the law after another after his playing vocation was finished, none more awful than the one that sent him to jail last December for assaulting his better half and driving his vehicle into three youngsters. He is as of now carrying out a multi year jail punishment. 6. Charles Rogers, WR, Michigan State (2003/Round: 1/Pick: 2) The No. 2 in general pick in 2003 by Detroit endured only three seasons in the NFL, and got only 36 goes in his 14-game vocation. Poor disposition, wounds, and a medication propensity added to his disappointments as a NFL player. In the wake of getting cut by the Lions in 2005, that year the NFL suspended him for substance misuse, he had tryouts with the Dolphins, Patriots and Buccaneers in 2006, yet was not marked. His profession was done. After his profession was over Rodgers didn't confront much happier the field. He was captured in September 2008 and accused of threatening behavior of a female colleague. In December 2008, Rogers was condemned to go to restraint court or face prison time in the wake of disregarding his probation in the wake of testing positive for vicodin. In March 2009, Rogers was imprisoned for damaging probation. On September 16, 2009, Rogers was captured in Novi, MI for driving affected by liquor in the wake of being discovered inert in the driver's seat of his vehicle by police. Rogers was captured again in Novi, MI on January 5, 2010, having dropped in the wake of drinking at an On the Border café, which was an infringement of a restraint court request, and thusly condemned to a 93-day prison term. Also, a month ago, Rogers was requested to return $6. 1 million of his $9. 1 million marking reward to the Lions since his medication utilize damaged the particulars of his NFL contract. 5. Heath Shuler, QB, Tennessee (1994/Round: 1/Pick: 3) Shuler was a first-round choice in the 1994 NFL Draft, taken by the Washington Redskins with the third generally pick. ESPN appraised him the fourth greatest NFL Draft bust ever. [3] He held out of preparing camp until he got a 7-year, $19. 25 million agreement. The Redskins had run into some bad luck since winning Super Bowl XXVI, and Shuler was looked on as the quarterback of things to come. Nonetheless, Shuler’s poor play added to a quarterback contention with individual 1994 draft pick Gus Frerotte. This was displayed when Shuler tossed five capture attempts in a game against the Arizona Cardinals. Shuler began just 18 games in his initial two years with the group and was sidelined in his third year, as Frerotte went to the Pro Bowl. He was out of the NFL by 1997. As a master, his profession passer rating was a loathsome 54. 3 and in 2004 ESPN appraised him the seventeenth greatest ‘sports flop’ of the previous 25 years. Notwithstanding his NFL profession being a fiasco not at all like the vast majority of the past top draft busts Shuelr really accomplished something with his life. Subsequent to resigning from the NFL, Shuler came back to the University of Tennessee and finished his training, graduating with a degree in brain research. He at that point turned into a realtor in Knoxville. His land organization is one of the biggest autonomous firms in East Tennessee. Shuler is a Democratic individual from the United States House of Representatives, speaking to North Carolina’s eleventh congressional region since 2007. 4. Tony Mandarich, OT, Michigan State (1989/Round: 1/Pick: 2) He was the first round draft pick of the Green Bay Packers in 1989, second generally speaking behind Hall of Fame quarterback Troy Aikman, and in front of the third determination, Hall of Fame running back Barry Sanders, the fourth choice, Hall of Fame linebacker Derrick Thomas, and the fifth choice, perpetual All-Pro cornerback Deion Sanders. In 1989, Sports Illustrated called him â€Å"The Best Offensive line prospect ever†. Be that as it may, his profession drove into what is considered by numerous individuals to be perhaps the greatest bust in NFL history. The â€Å"Incredible Bulk† came into the class as one of the most advertised players in NFL draft history. The two scouts and media started haling Mandarich as the best hostile line prospect ever, touting his â€Å"measurables†, â€Å"He weighed 304, ran the 40 out of 4. 65 seconds, did a standing long hop of 10’3†³, jumped vertically 30†³ and seat squeezed 225 pounds an incredible 39 times†. The No. in general pick of the Packers in 1989 never satisfied the inconceivable promotion, and after only three frustrating seaso

The Neo-Freudians and Their Theories

The Neo-Freudians and Their Theories Theories Personality Psychology Print Who Were the Neo-Freudians? By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on September 23, 2019 10000 Hours / Getty Images More in Theories Personality Psychology Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology Neo-Freudian psychologists were thinkers who agreed with many of the fundamental tenets of Freuds psychoanalytic theory but changed and adapted the approach to incorporate their own beliefs, ideas, and opinions. Psychologist Sigmund Freud proposed many ideas that were highly controversial, but also attracted a number of followers. Many of these thinkers agreed with Freuds concept of the unconscious mind and the importance of early childhood. There were, however, a number of points that other scholars disagreed with or directly rejected. Because of this, these individuals went on to propose their own unique theories of personality. Neo-Freudian Disagreements With Freud There are a few different reasons why these neo-Freudian thinkers disagreed with Freud. For example, Erik Erikson believed that Freud was incorrect to think that personality was shaped almost entirely by childhood events. Other issues that motivated neo-Freudian thinkers included: Freuds emphasis on sexual urges as a primary motivatorFreuds negative view of human natureFreuds belief that personality was shaped entirely by early childhood experiencesFreuds lack of emphasis on social and cultural influences on behavior and personality Many of the neo-Freudians felt that Freuds theories focus too heavily on psychopathology, sex, and childhood experiences. Instead, many of them chose to focus their theories on more positive aspects of human nature as well as the social influences that contribute to personality and behavior. While the neo-Freudians may have been influenced by Freud, they developed their own unique theories and perspectives on human development, personality, and behavior. Major Neo-Freudian Thinkers There were a number of neo-Freudian thinkers who broke with the Freudian psychoanalytic tradition to develop their own psychodynamic theories. Some of these individuals were initially part of Freuds inner circle including Carl Jung and Alfred Adler. Carl Jung Freud and Jung once had a close friendship, but Jung broke away to form his own ideas. Jung referred to his theory of personality as analytical psychology, and he introduced the concept of the collective unconscious. He described this as a universal structure shared by all members of the same species containing all of the instincts and archetypes that influence human behavior. Jung still placed great emphasis on the unconscious, but his theory placed a higher emphasis on his concept of the collective unconscious rather than the personal unconscious. Like many of the other neo-Freudians, Jung also focused less on sex than did Freud.? Alfred Adler Adler believed that Freuds theories focused too heavily on sex as the primary motivator for human behavior. Instead, Adler placed a lesser emphasis on the role of the unconscious and a greater focus on interpersonal and social influences. His approach, known as individual psychology, was centered on the drive that all people have to compensate for their feelings of inferiority. The inferiority complex, he suggested, was a persons feelings and doubts that they do not measure up to other people or to societys expectations. A Biography of Alfred Adler Erik Erikson While Freud believed that personality was mostly set in stone during early childhood, Erikson felt that development continued throughout life. He also believed that not all conflicts were unconscious. Many were conscious and the result, he thought, from the developmental process itself. Erikson de-emphasized the role of sex as a motivator for behavior and instead placed a much stronger focus on the role of social relationships. His eight-stage theory of psychosocial development concentrates on a series of developmental conflicts that occur throughout the lifespan, from birth until death. At each stage, people face a crisis that must be resolved to develop certain psychological strengths. The 8 Stages of Psychosocial Development Karen Horney Horney was one of the first women trained in psychoanalysis, and she was also one of the first to criticize Freuds depictions of women as inferior to men. Horney objected to Freuds portrayal of women as suffering from penis envy. Instead, she suggested that men experience womb envy because they are unable to bear children. Her theory focuses on how behavior was influenced by a number of different neurotic needs. A Word From Verywell While both Freudian and neo-Freudian ideas have largely fallen out of favor, they did play a role in shaping the history of the field of psychology. Neo-Freudian ideas also contributed to the development of other theories of psychology that often focused on things such as personal and social development.

The Federal Government - 1588 Words

The main role of the federal government is to protect the citizen’s whether it is protecting their rights or the well-being of the citizen’s. Those are just a few roles of the government but that is not all, the government has many duties in several different sectors. The federal government faces challenging obstacles each day, especially dealing with foreign personnel hacking into their confidential systems. By exposing important data and other information not only can put the United States as a whole in jeopardy, but the people who live in the United States would be affected as individuals too. Since such information is on file it is crucial that it be protected, in order to do so the best technology and employees are needed to ensure so. The Office of Personnel Management manages all polices that are created to support Federal human resources department (Gallagher). The OPM also oversees the classification and qualification systems to hiring authorities along with the performance management to pay, leave, and benefits (Gallagher). Along with making such policies, OPM is responsible for ensuring that the policies are properly implemented and continue to be correctly carried out afterwards (Gallagher). Within the Office of Personnel Management the agency upholds information such as social security numbers, addresses, health history, financial history along with other â€Å"sensitive information† from people in and outside of the government (Gallagher). Since the OPM containsShow MoreRelatedThe Government And The Federal Government867 Words   |  4 PagesThe Federal Government is the body of government that implements and administers public policy. The Federal Government Government execute all political powers. 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PLEASE NOTE: I am looking for specific functions revealed by visits to agency web sites (such as â€Å"meat inspection†), and NOT generic powers listed in the Constitution (such as â€Å"coin money†). 1)The Center of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is the federal agency that uses science to protect the nation against diseases and illnesses. 2)Federal Student Aid is a federal agency whichRead MoreThe Federal Government1620 Words   |  7 PagesThe checks and balances system provides equal rights and power to various different levels of governments. With that, this ultimately â€Å"balances† out all the rights and justices for each of the branches to prevent any dictatorship. The Federal Government consists of three branches; the Executive (President), the Legislative (Congress), and the Judicial (Supreme Court) branch. The Executive has the power to assign new judges that are later checked by the Senate (Congress). 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I think about 911 quite often; my company lost eleven victims was in the office at the World Trade Center. Back then, if the Department of Homeland Security collaborated such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation,Read MoreThe Government And The Federal Service1661 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom our government or are we demanding too much from it. It seems that over the last several years we have demanded that our government has to find ways of doing more with less. As a result of the ever-increasing demands our government is forced to face, according to Professor Paul C. Light, the American government is ill executed and the federal service is less energetic than ever before (Paul, 2008). Thus, it seems that we as Americans are not getting what we expect from our government. It is overworked;Read MoreThe Foundations Of The Fed eral Government1103 Words   |  5 PagesThe foundations of The Federal Government were based in two differing sets of beliefs. The Democratic-Republicans and The Federalists. The Federalists, however, were more influential in several aspects of governmental policy, including but not limited to the ideals that led to the ratification of the constitution, changes in foreign affairs, and the implementation of new financial policies. In fact, Federalists ideas still stand today, and they are more commonly known as modern federalism, whichRead MoreThe Power Struggle of the States and Federal Government in the United States1536 Words   |  7 Pagesto a simplistic way is the sharing of sovereignty between the national government and the local government. It is often described as the dual sovereignty of governments between the national and the local to exert power in the political system. In the US it is often been justified as one of the first to introduce federalism by the ‘foun ding fathers’ which were developed in order to escape from the overpowered central government. However, federalism in the United States is hitherto uncertain where theRead MoreAdvantages and Disadvantages of the Unitary, Confederation and the Federal System of the Government708 Words   |  3 PagesUnitary, Confederation and the Federal system of the Government We can look at governmental systems as a continuum from a unitary type to a confederacy with federalism sitting in the middle. The unitary government is often described as a centralized government. It is a government in which all powers held by the government belong to a single, central agency. The central government creates local units of government for its own convenience. Most of the government in the world are unitary, GreatRead MoreRelationship Between State And Federal Governments825 Words   |  4 Pages Relationship Between State and Federal Governments Jasmine Rollins Lake Erie College Abstract Write the abstract here. Write a concise summary of the key points of your research. (Do not indent.) Your abstract should contain at least your research topic, research questions, participants, methods, results, data analysis, and conclusions. You may also include possible implications of your research and future work you see connected with your findings. Your abstract should be a single

Women s Role During The Twentieth Century - 1884 Words

The twentieth century is known as the historically transitional period of women’s roles in society not only in America but also all over the globe. Early the twentieth century, women began to question their positions and rights. They found that their value didn’t just stop at domestic work. They no longer wanted to be seen a potential source of †help† for men but wanted to take part in the process of society’s development like any other men. Even in literature, many famous authors started to indicate women’s role through their novels. Mostly, this foundational period of women movement was usually emphasized within the frontier context. Thus, it was believed that the transition and progress between the Western countryside and big city in the East play a big role in the changes of women themselves as well as the society’s perspective toward women. Women began to approach other opportunities to work different types of jobs other than just s taying home doing housework. Also, women held many responsibilities during the westward expansion, such as managing the movement of households overland, establishing social activities in pioneer settlements, and sharing the hard labor of farming new land. Eventually, frontier towns attracted women who worked as laundresses and seamstresses, and organized church societies and other reform movements. In other words, the born of Feminism took place and was impacted by the Westward movement. Willa Cather strongly represented the new beginning forShow MoreRelatedWomen ´s Role During the Twentieth Century: Susan Glaspell1137 Words   |  5 Pagesa variety of symbols in her play to demonstrate the stereotypical view and treatment of women by men during the start of the twentieth century. She intricately portrays the female characters in her story as intelligent, but passive due to the fact that males dismiss their ideas and conversations as unimportant. The play, Trifles, uses multiple symbols to show how men fail to recognize the intelligence of women, and oppress the feminists’ way of thinking throughout society. The title, Trifles, suggestsRead MoreFeminism Is Not About Making Women Stronger1441 Words   |  6 Pagesmaking women stronger. Women are already strong. It s about changing the way the world perceives that strength. - G.D Anderson      Our culture in the early Twentieth Century was biased in many ways, as it still is to this day in the Twenty-first Century. One of the major struggles were men s biased writing about women. Many women then and to this day still stand up and try to fight for equality. Women used to be  given certain roles to be a part of society in our history. 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However, this didn’t last for long and by the mid-century men continued their dominating role back in the society. Tennessee Williams wrote this play in the fifties when this change was happening in society. In this play, male dominanceRead MoreOppression in Cuckoos Nest1621 Words   |  7 Pagesoppress women and Native Americans. â€Å"One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest,† and â€Å"The Life You Save May Be Your Own,† are similar due to the fact that they both metaphorically represent racism in the United States; it is clearly displayed through entrapment, subjugation of people, and prejudicial undertones used to limit the societal roles of those who face bigotry. The forced entrapment of Chief Bromden in â€Å"One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest,† represents the forsaken lives of the Native Americans during theRead MoreHow Chinese Culture Has Changed Over The Years1509 Words   |  7 Pagestraced back many centuries. 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Values like this are similar to that held during the twentieth

Leadership For Improved Institutional Performance Education Essay Free Essays

You are the leader at a post-secondary establishment of higher acquisition ( IHE ) whose regulating board has become critical of the school ‘s way. The board believes that the establishment is missing a clear vision. Pulling upon what you have learned at Argosy University about human motive and the psychological foundations of instruction, what stairss would you urge to the president of the establishment, which, if followed, would take to the â€Å" vision † that is therefore far missing? In your response, anticipate troubles that may originate, and how would you turn to them. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership For Improved Institutional Performance Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Introduction-Background Uncluttering the Vision As a leader at a post-secondary establishment of higher acquisition ( IHE ) whose regulating board has become critical of the school ‘s way, one should piece an institutional site based direction squad ( SBM ) . Site based direction is a consensus-driven acquisition environment that is linked to decentalisation and driven by the school betterment squad. Greater control over determinations sing budget, forces, and course of study focal points on the followers: pupil public presentation, instruction and acquisition, needs appraisal, answerability, professional development, reappraisal, and rating. The site based direction squad is representative of the full school community. Through the engagement of decision makers, teachers/staff, parents, community spouses, and pupils in the decision-making procedure, more effectual acquisition environments are created. Each stakeholder is a critical instrument to its ‘ success. Successful school betterment requires set uping a clear educational vision and a shared institutional mission, cognizing how good the school accomplished that mission, placing countries for betterment, developing programs to alter educational activities and plans, and implementing those programs or new plans efficaciously. Therefore, it is indispensable that the site based direction squad leaders set up a stronger nexus to others in the school and Ministry of Education. In making so, they should link the establishments ends to the broader and deeper mission of supplying higher acquisition for all pupils. As leaders in this attempt to better the vision of the establishment, the assembled site based direction squad should besides see strat ification such as the benefit of plan planning to all pupils instead than some in development and execution of alteration enterprises, inquiring whether a proposed plan will better entree to higher-order acquisition undertakings for marginalized pupils. For school betterment attempts to be successful instructors, parents, community, concern spouses, decision makers, and pupils must portion leading maps. Likewise, the Principal ‘s function must alter from that of a top-down supervisor to that of a facilitator, designer, steward, instructional leader, manager, and strategic instructor ( Senge, 1990 ) . Pull offing school alteration and betterment is one of the most complex undertakings of school leading. Fullan ( 1993 ) , Sparks ( 1993 ) , and other research workers of school leading point out that school leaders need to understand the alteration procedure in order to take, manage, and better attempts of alteration efficaciously. They must larn to get the better of barriers and header with the pandemonium that of course exists during the complex procedure of alteration ( Fullan and Miles, 1992 ) . Administrators and other cardinal school leaders help instructors and other stakeholders build effectual squads by developing new organisational constructions and a created shared vision that focuses on reliable pupil acquisition ( Maeroff, 1993 ) ; ( Newmann, 1993 ) . Such divine and informed leading would be critical to the success of schools. Leading successful alteration and betterment involve developing and pull offing six critical constituents of schooling: ( a ) a clear, strong, and jointly held educational vision and institutional mission ; ( B ) a strong, committed professional community within the school ; ( degree Celsius ) larning environments that promote higher criterions for pupil accomplishment ; ( vitamin D ) sustained professional development to better acquisition ; ( vitamin E ) successful partnerships with parents, wellness and human service bureaus, concerns, universities, and other community organisations ; and ( degree Fahrenheit ) a systematic planning and execution procedure for establishing needed alterations. Louis and Miles ( 1990 ) drew on several instance surveies of urban high schools. The writers emphasized the importance of planning: â€Å" Significant alteration plans do non run themselves. They need active orchestration and coordination ( P. 14 ) . † Human Motivation and Psychological Foundations Maslow ‘s great penetration was to put self-actualization into a hierarchy of human motive. Harmonizing to Maslow ( 1954 ) , self-actualization is the highest thrust, but before this can go on must fulfill other, lower motives like hungriness, safety and belonging. The hierarchy has five degrees: ( a ) physiological ( hungriness, thirst, shelter, and sex. ) ; ( B ) safety ( security, protection from physical and emotional injury ) ; ( degree Celsius ) societal ( fondness, belonging, credence, friendly relationship ) ; ( vitamin D ) regard ( besides called self-importance ) which combines the internal facets of ego regard, liberty, and accomplishment, and the external factors of position, acknowledgment, attending ; ( vitamin E ) Self realization ( taking action ) . Maslow ( 1954 ) pointed out that the procedure of self-actualization is dynamic ; the dominant demand is ever switching. For illustration, a sexual spouse may be lost in the self realization of love devising, but finally becomes tired and hungry, and has to halt in order to make full a more immediate demand, nutriment. Furthermore, a individual behaviour may unite several degrees. For illustration, eating dinner is both physiological and societal. This hierarchy does non be by itself, but is affected by the state of affairs and the general civilization. Satisfaction is comparative. Finally, Maslow notes that a satisfied demand no longer motivates. A hungry individual may be despairing for nutrient, but one time a repast is eaten, the promise of nutrient no longer motivates him ( Masters and Johnson, 1974 ) . The Hersey and Blanchard theory is extremely popular and strikes most people as intuitively right. McGregor ( 1960 ) nevertheless, makes it the edifice block for the Theory X and Theory Y. Csikszentmihalyi ( 1988 ) continued the tradition with the construct of â€Å" Flow, † a 1990s construct of self-actualization. Empirical research conducted by Hersey and Blanchard ( 1977 ) confirmed Maslow ‘s first three degrees, but has non made farther procedure as it relates to the 4th and 5th degrees of self-esteem and self-actualization. McGregor ( 1960 ) noted that Maslow ‘s hierarchy follows the life rhythm. A newborn babe ‘s demands are about wholly physiological. As the babe grows, it needs safety, so love. Toddlers are eager for societal interaction. Adolescents are dying about societal demands while immature grownups are concerned with regard and merely more mature individuals transcend the first four degrees to pass much clip self-actualizing ( Hersey and Blanchard, 1977 ) . The connexion at this occasion is that external incentives such as rewards, benefits, and term of office, fulfill lower demands. Workers satisfy higher demands by working with others, or acquisition and happening fulfilment in their work ( Rusaw, 2001 ) . As leaders in the alteration procedure, one must esteem that piece of the mystifier each member of the squad brings to the tabular array and validate those endowments. Before the alteration procedure begins, leaders must go familiar with the school betterment rhythm, the phases of the alteration procedure, and alteration theoretical accounts associated with each. Name the alteration theoretical accounts As alteration agents, one must be able to separate between the school betterment rhythm and the alteration procedure, find where the school is located within the alteration procedure, and place appropriate following stairss. Fullan ( 1992 ) argues that in readying for a leading place, the leader must make two things: larn more about the complexnesss of the alteration procedure by reading, researching, speaking with adept practicians, and go toing seminars ; and accept the alteration procedure as a positive experience to be understood and embraced, instead than a negative experience to be feared and avoided. Responses to inquiries of why establishments expend so much clip, energy, and extended resources on instruction are chiefly ideological, grounded in personal belief systems. One can non reply cardinal inquiries about the intents of educational leading unless there is a willingness to uncover the rules, values, and premises land and steer them. These rules form cardinal belief systems about the ways in which one can understand themselves and society and find the hopes for the hereafter. Csikszentmihalyi ( 2003 ) cites businessman Max DePree who states that the first inquiry for a leader is non what are they traveling to make but that it ever is: where does the organisation intend to be. Conversely, it can be argued that should educators fail to see the challenges of taking in the thick of diverseness, they neglect the foundations of the educational enterprise. On the other manus, when they engage in expressed conversations about the diverseness of their pupil organic structures and the relationship of societal justness to constructs of academic excellence and school success, they are taking with moral intent. Leadership requires, as Csikszentmihalyi ( 2003 ) provinces, that one should reflect deeply on one ‘s ain experiences and bedrock values to happen ways in which 1 might step in intentionally with moral intent. During the school betterment procedure, alteration experts such as community stakeholders, module, staff, pupils, should come together as a squad to take alteration attempts. Harmonizing to Maslow ‘s theory, the societal, self-esteem, and self-actualization demands take centre phase. Social demands are being met given that the assembled squad belongs to a particular group charged with heightening something dynamic that will impact the lives of others. The self-esteem demands of the squad will be met as the squad has position and common regard of their co-workers which leads to the following measure of taking action in the accomplishment of the ends. Therefore, it is of import to pull upon the expertness and accomplishments of university module, cardinal office forces, external advisers, professional staff developers, and others. During this pre-implementation phase, treatments are facilitated about the school ‘s history of alteration in order to understand how and why past alteration attempts have succeeded or failed. Fullan ( 1993 ) favours merely get downing the alteration procedure without needfully be aftering every measure in progress. However, it is of import to pull off, steer, papers, and learn from the alteration procedure. Leaderships of postsecondary establishments should larn about the functions of decision makers, module, cardinal office staff, parents, board members, and others involved in functioning kids and young person. All play an of import function in the school betterment procedure. The corporate cognition of such persons is used to organize effectual school betterment squads. School leaders understand and cultivate these functions and the functions that others play within betterment enterprises. To construct coaction within the school civilization, module survey groups and cross-grade or section squads provide clip for collegial work. As a committed and collaborative civilization emerges in support of the alteration procedure, the judge of leaders establishes communicating with and high outlooks of squad members while showing assurance in school staff and the environing community. Once partnerships are formed with parents, concerns, and societal services and community bureaus, attempts are made to consolidate resources to run into a scope of pupil demands. In making high-achieving acquisition environments and bettering pupil acquisition, the leaders select and integrate a assortment of plans to better instruction and acquisition. Last, a set of guidelines are established to implement new attacks to student larning while continually supervising both internal and external measurings for betterment. Drumhead Leaderships of post-secondary establishments of higher acquisition should pull upon the endowments of their stakeholders while using the assorted motivational and psychological foundations to expect, understand and turn to squad troubles as that may originate throughout the school betterment procedure. As school system support is progressively tied to public presentation, leaders should see that public presentation needs to be more loosely defined. Performance measurement systems are to bring forth thrust and communicate alteration. Performance measurement systems that are dominated by punitory inducements tend to hold a counterproductive impact on betterment attempts. Ultimately the end of school betterment should as a tool for those interested in constructing system capacity to run into the demands of kids. An effectual public presentation measuring system is the foundation for measuring plans. The leading squad should ease the development of a comprehensive public presentation measuring system that examines all facets of operations whether it is at the school or in the community. Performance indexs should supply stakeholders with a diagnostic tool, enabling them to rapidly and easy pass on advancement, demands and challenges to their components. Harmonizing to Stephen Covey, leading trades with way and vision. The basic function of the leader is to further a common regard and construct a complimentary squad where each strength is made productive and each failing is mitigated. The key is supplying the context for success in footings of resources, systems and authorization. The function of leader as instructor starts with placing people ‘s mental theoretical accounts of of import issues. No 1 carries an organisation in his or her caput. What we carry are premises. These mental images of how the universe works have a important influence on how we perceive jobs and chances identify classs of actions and do picks. Everyone agrees that leaders need vision, energy, authorization, and strategic way, but I think it is every bit apparent that the ability to animate people, to capture their Black Marias, heads, psyches, and sympathize ferociously with the people they lead, is the chemistry that determines the difference between norm and dramatic success as a leader. At the terminal of the twenty-four hours, the leader must beat up the squad and take the hill. After all, the qualities of leading are of limited usage unless we do something with them. You and I are so fortunate. When the involvement at interest are the well being and hereafter of our profession, its easy to be excited and full of energy. It merely makes sense to be a airy. It ‘s natural that excellence is a minimal demand. And it is so much merriment to work with others likewise inflicted with a passion for public instruction. When I look around the room and when I think of all the talented and dedicated people I have met this weekend, I know that our hereafter is so in good custodies. How to cite Leadership For Improved Institutional Performance Education Essay, Essay examples

Communications Character Conflict Essay free essay sample

â€Å"I can’t believe you, all your gifts, all your powers, and you.. you squander them for your own personal gain. (Hal Stewart) ‘Yes! (Megamind) ‘No! I’m the villain! † this is the main conflict between characters’ Megamind and Hal Stewart in the hit motion picture Megamind. Megamind defeats the cities beloved super hero â€Å"Metro Man†, they had been enemies since grade school and Megamind has always been the bad guy causing trouble and Metro Man was always saving the day and the people from the evils of Megeminds treachery. But soon after this deafeat Megamind realizes he misses the way things used to be, there was no more excitement and rush of being the villain in an epic good vs. evil battle. So, Megamind has devised a way that he can give any normal human being all the gifts and powers that Metro Man himself possessed. He settles on a young man named Hal Stewart, a cameraman for a news station, which he filmed the news girl who he claimed to be in love with, but everyone thought she was with Metro Man because he was always saving her. So Megamind gives Hal all the super powers, and gives him a new identity of â€Å"Titan†. However, to Megminds Dismay, Hal starts abusing his powers and begins stealing from banks, and using his powers to get equipment, video games etc.. This is a great example of unproductive conflict. Instead of creating a new evil versus good scenario with Hal or â€Å"Titan†, Hal just commandeers the whole city and puts them all at his mercy. It has many negative impacts the two characters, their relationship, and the situation. The aggression between them and the situation in general becomes increases greatly and turns even hostile because of the flaws in their communication. Megamind has certain qualities about the way he communicates that it often gets him into trouble. In fact pretty much every idea he comes up with in the process, he always seems to get either seriously injured, or suffers in some other way, all because of his communicational handicap. Some of the functions of communication Megamind uses, is he begins a relationship with a character named Hal Stewart to achieve a specific goal premeditated so he could accomplish what he wished to have done. What he wanted done was to turn Hal into a super hero and give him all the powers that the late Metro Man possessed, so that he could resume his role as the villain once again, since he defeated the last super hero he longed for the epic battle of â€Å"Good vs. Evil. † First of all, Hal isn’t the brightest pick to turn someone into a super hero, but Megamind is determined he is the perfect pick after a misunderstood first impression of Hal. Megaminds best friend even shows in many ways, he does not approve of Hal as being the one who has the traits of being a good super hero, most of the ways non verbal. Megamind even changes his own identity as Hal’s â€Å"Space Dad†, for the purpose of guiding Hal into fulfilling his destiny as the city’s new found super hero â€Å"Titan†. So Megamind actually is affecting the situation and their relationship as two different important character’s in Hal’s life and will play play big parts in his decisions. Hal Stewart, aka â€Å"Titan† aka â€Å"Cameraman†, is a very interesting character because of how he expresses his own communicational traits, it is entertaining. His perception of what a â€Å"super hero† means, and what sort of privileges or advantages he believes comes with being â€Å"Titan† are affected by the culture he lives in. Some of his expectations, the most important towards the story and the one that makes the most dramatic influence is; the super hero always gets the girl. This thinking of Hal’s is a mindlessness perception and also selective perception of how he sees a super hero. Obviously he does not get the girl he claims he’s in love with, because the thing he is mindlessness about is that just because you can fly and have huge muscles doesn’t mean you will always get girl, its about what’s underneath, not on the surface, which I believe is the lesson â€Å"Life† is trying to teach him. Another misperception he has is what should be accomplished with the incredible new â€Å"gifts† that he has recently required. Instead of catching bad guys, and making sure justice stands within the city and her people, Hal actually robs banks, and other equipment, video games etc.. nd is determined that the powers mean â€Å"get rich, and get rich quick†. These are all things that Megamind does not anticipate before hand and turns into being the exact opposite of what he wanted, all because Hal’s misunderstanding, and the communicational barriers of Megamind. Although, there isn’t a whole lot of competent communicati on going on with Megamind and Hal, in the end he still gets an incredibly large amount accomplished. The things that were bigger then even his beloved epic good vs. evil battles. He grew in more important ways, he grew as a specimen, and became a happier person, which ultimately should be eternal goal of communication and the functions and steps that are not only necessary and basically impossible to accomplish anything without them, competent or incompetent, things still move forward and things get done. In the end Megamind finds his true purpose and a higher purpose, along the way falling in love and discovering a more meaningful life all thanks to communication, and the culture which helps him perceive and judge.

Aga And Aging Essays - RTT, Medical Terminology, Ageing, Geriatrics

Aga And Aging With most old aged people the chance of cancer rises. The best way to help combat this for the older people is secondary prevention. This type of prevention involves screening tests or examinations, which help with early detection of cancer. The sooner that the cancer is found the better the chances of defeating it. For this screening to be applicable, the disease must be common and curable. Screening people at the age of 60 could help decrease the number of deaths because it will most likely be detected and hopefully the diagnosis would be good. Older people should not be excluded from validated screening programs and, when tumors are detected, effective therapy should be selected. A closer working relationship between surgeons, oncologists, and geriatricians as well as other health care professionals is essential to ensure high quality care to older cancer patients. Science Essays

Groundhog Facts (Marmota monax)

Groundhog Facts (Marmota monax) The groundhog (Marmota monax) is a type of marmot, which is a ground squirrel or rodent. It is familiar to Americans for its weather prognostication on Groundhog Day. The animal goes by many names, including woodchuck, groundpig, and monax. The name woodchuck refers neither to wood nor to chucking. Instead, it is an adaptation of the Algonquian name for the animal, wuchak. Fast Facts: Groundhog Scientific Name: Marmota monaxCommon Names: Groundhog, woodchuck, whistlepig, monax, siffleux, thickwood badgerBasic Animal Group: MammalSize: 16-20 inchesWeight: 5-12 poundsLifespan: 2-3 yearsDiet: HerbivoreHabitat: North AmericaPopulation: Abundant and stableConservation Status: Least Concern Description Within its range, the groundhog is the largest ground squirrel. Adults average between 16 and 20 inches long, including their 6-inch tail. The relatively short tail distinguishes this species from other ground squirrels. Groundhog weight varies dramatically throughout the year, but averages between 5 and 12 pounds. The animals tend to be brownish in color with four ivory incisor teeth. Groundhogs have short limbs that end in thick, curved claws suited to digging and climbing. Habitat and Distribution The groundhog gets its common name from its preference of open, low-elevation land, especially well-drained soil in fields and pastures. Groundhogs are found throughout Canada and in the eastern United States. Other types of marmots are common worldwide, but they tend to prefer rocky and mountainous habitats. Groundhog distribution. Andreyostr, Wikimedia Commons Diet and Behavior Technically, marmots are omnivorous, but groundhogs are more herbivorous than most species. They eat grass, berries, dandelion, coltsfoot, sorrel, and agricultural crops. However, they will supplement their diet with fallen baby birds, insects, snails, and grubs. Groundhogs do not need to drink water if they can obtain it from dew or plant juice. The rodents store fat and hibernate to survive winter rather than caching food. Groundhogs are preyed upon by humans, foxes, coyotes, and dogs. Young may be taken by hawks and owls. Reproduction and Offspring Groundhogs are never found far from their burrows, which they dig in the soil and use for sleeping, escaping predators, raising young, and hibernating. Groundhogs mate after they rouse from hibernation in March or April. The pair remains in the den for the 31 or 32 days of gestation. The male leaves the den before the female gives birth. The usual litter consists of two to six blind pups that emerge from the den after their eyes have opened and their fur has grown. Near the end of summer, the young move off to build their own burrows. Groundhogs may breed the following spring, but most become mature at two years of age. In the wild, most groundhogs live two to three years and up to six years. Captive groundhogs may live 14 years. Baby groundhogs look like miniature versions of the adults. Manfred Kuster / Getty Images Conservation Status The IUCN classifies groundhog conservation status as least concern. The rodents are abundant across their range and have a stable population in most places. They are not a protected species. Groundhogs and Humans Groundhogs are hunted as pests, for fur, for food, and as trophies. Although the rodents eat crops, groundhog burrows improve the soil and house foxes, rabbits, and skunks. So, maintaining a controlled population of groundhogs is beneficial to farmers. February 2nd is celebrated as Groundhog Day in the United States and Canada. The premise of the holiday is that groundhog behavior following hibernation may indicate the approach of spring. Groundhog Day in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania. Jeff Swensen / Getty Images Research on groundhogs given hepatitis-B may further understanding of liver cancer. The only other suitable animal model for the disease is the chimpanzee, which is endangered. The groundhog is also a model organism for studies on obesity and other metabolic disorders and heart disease. While groundhogs may be kept as pets, they may display aggression toward their handlers. Usually sick or injured groundhogs may be rehabilitated for release back into the wild, but some do form bonds with their caregivers. Sources Bezuidenhout, A. J. and Evans, Howard E. Anatomy of the woodchuck (Marmota monax). Lawrence, KS: American Society of Mammalogists, 2005. ISBN 9781891276439.Grizzell, Roy A. A Study of the Southern Woodchuck, Marmota monax monax. American Midland Naturalist. 53 (2): 257, April, 1955. doi:10.2307/2422068Linzey, A. V.; Hammerson, G. (NatureServe) Cannings, S. (NatureServe). Marmota monax. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. International Union for Conservation of Nature, 2008. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42458A22257685.enSchoonmaker, W.J. The World of the Woodchuck. J.B. Lippincott, 1966. ISBN 978-1135544836.OCLC 62265494Thorington, R.W., Jr. and R. S. Hoffman. Family Sciuridae. In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 802, 2005. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.

Apple Inc Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Apple Inc - Research Paper Example This pricing strategy has allowed the company to rule over the Smartphone and the Tablet industry for a long period of time. The company offers high end devices and fast gadgets to customers, and this is why Apple is able to charge premium prices from its customers. The company has not yet been required to change its static pricing strategy because of its strong and dominant position in the market. The company is also able to charge higher prices because over the years, it has established a loyal clientele base. Customers of Apple products are loyal to the company and they wait keenly for company’s products. This is an indication of the loyalty of Apple customers, and this is why Apple is able to follow premium static pricing strategy. Many of Apple customers are repeat customers, and therefore the company is audacious in its pricing strategy. Apple does not have to worry much about attracting new consumers because it already enjoys a loyal clientele. Customers will buy Apple product without taking into consideration its high prices because they are just used to Apple products. Apple faces strong competition from companies like Samsung, Google, Microsoft, Blackberry, HTC, and Sony. All these companies, especially Samsung, have been rapidly gaining grounds by introducing new and innovative products (Chen, 2013). For a long period of time, Apple enjoyed monopoly power in the Smartphone and Tablet industry, but the tables are turning. Google’s android operating system has also garnered customer attention. Android based apps have flooded the market which shows the popularity of this operating system. The above mentioned companies are also producing cheaper Smartphones and Tablets which have also made life difficult for Apple, at least to a certain extent. The company, although, is not falling behind its competitors, to a great extent, because of its first movers advantage and extensive

Management info Systems class discussion wk9 Essay

Management info Systems class discussion wk9 - Essay Example Various organizations consider several factors before selecting the type of organization structure. Among the factors considered are; cost of using each, customer base, targeted group, the language used, technology supported among others. Companies that adopt the global organization structures are mainly financially way from the other companies. I find the global structure as it reaches a greater radius; this opens new and greater opportunities for enlarging these companies compared to the other structures. The global organization structure also presents significant obstacles among all the other GIS organizational structures as it requires; greater finances, network barriers due to technological backwardness, more significant consultations needed and language barriers, and problems of management that come up due to operating in large scale among other major challenges. The problem of a language barrier can be done by including language options in their GIS. More experienced and knowledgeable GIS experts can be employed to ensure the problem of management due to operating in large scale  gets  solved while the problem of network can be solved by using more sophisticated and advanced servers. In a nutshell, organization structures vary mainly in the coverage and the systems adopted in such organization when using the Global Information

Mixed Solvent in CO2 Capture Technology

Mixed Solvent in CO2 Capture Technology Research Proposal Development of mixed solvent in CO2 capture technology with chemical absorption Xingye Fan Objectives: This project mainly aims at developing mixed solvent in chemical absorption to achieve goals of increasing mass transfer rate, CO2 loading capacity, and reduce processing cost. 1.1 Short term objectives: During the first five years, this project tends to test different mixed solvents to compare their property and performance in laboratory-scale. Mixed solvents with different components will be tested by a designed experiment in the laboratory. Advanced engineering process simulation will be performed by using Aspen plus software. By analyzing experiment and simulation data, the most suitable solvent for chemical absorption can be achieved. 1.2 Long term objectives: If the solvent with promising property is obtained and the project continues beyond five years, performance of novel absorbent for CO2 capture can be tested in pilot-scale. If the application of the novel solvent in pilot-scale is proved to be feasible, this absorbent can be tried to be commercialized. 2 Literature review: Chemical absorption processes are widely used to separate CO2 in coal fired power plants and chemical industries. Chemical absorption process is built on the reaction between the CO2 and chemical solvent. A typical chemical absorption process involves an absorber and a stripper. In this process, the flue gas which contains CO2 enters an absorber from the bottom and contacts with a CO2-lean absorbent counter-currently, after absorption, the CO2-rich absorbent flows to a thermally regenerator. In this method absorber and regenerator are working continuously. After regeneration, the CO2-lean stream is sent back to recycle for further use. The pure CO2 released from the regenerator is compressed and forwarded to storage or transportation. Due to the maturity of chemical absorption technology, it has been commercialized for a long time. Chemical absorption CO2 capture technologies are best utilized in post combustion because of its applicability for low CO2 concentration in the inlet gas stream. Chemical absorption is also considered as an efficient technique due to its low energy cost. By using individual type of solvent the absorption process has several drawbacks such as, the degradation of solvent, solvent regeneration efficiency, corrosion etc. which impact the efficiency of CO2 separation. To address the above problems, so much research has been conducted to improve solvent, modify gas-liquid contact device and prevent solvent degradation. Currently, to reduce the regeneration energy and further curtail the cost of absorption process, the operation of stripper is improved. Evidence shows that the operation of higher stripper pressure and alkanolamines concentration can be adopted to reduce energy consumption in regeneration. Volume of conventional absorption apparatus such as a packed bed, spray column, and a bubble column, is generally quite large. Therefore, small sizes of absorber and stripper with a lower equipment cost are expected. A rotating packed bed (RPB) was proposed which can also increase mass transfer rate between gas and absorbent. CO2 capture technology with chemical absorption strongly depends on the performance of a liquid solvent. Thus, selecting a suitable solvent is the most effective method to improve the efficiency of this technique. So far, many researchers have focused on developing novel mixed solvents. Cullinane and Rochelle (2004) raised CO2 reaction rate by using potassium carbonate and amines with piperazine as a promoter. Rodrigo and Chakib (2010) improved the reaction rate by adding small amount of monoethanolamine or methyldiethanolamine into ammonia. Jeong Ho Choi and Seong Geun Oh (2012) increased CO2 reaction rate and CO2 loading capacity by mixed liquid solvent with 2-methylpiperidine as a promoter. Although so much research regarding to mixed solvent has been carried out, development of mixed solvents is still an essential research direction to improve absorption technology. 3 Method and proposed approach: In order to measure the mass transfer rate of CO2 by using different solvents, we need to utilize a wetted wall column. Vapor-liquid equilibrium method is also used to evaluate the CO2 loading capacity. In addition, a simulation of the CO2 capture system can be developed by Aspen Plus software. Work plan 1: measure mass transfer rate of CO2 with different mixed solvents (years 1-3) In order to find a suitable combination of solvents, different kinds of absorbent mixture should be involved in the experiments. As the mass transfer rate of CO2 is a core parameter to determine property of absorbents, graduate students will carry out a wetted wall column experiment to measure CO2 mass transfer rate by using different mixed solvents. Solvents selection is of great significance. Various solvents are suitable for CO2 absorption such as monoethanolamine, diethylaniline, and methyldiethanolamine, K2CO3, Na2CO3, NaOH, NH3, Adenosine monophosphate. Alkanolamines are common absorbents for CO2 capture, and amines with different structure have various properties. Traditionally, alkanolamines can be classified into; primary, secondary, and tertiary amines. Among these three categories, the primary amines, for example monoethanolamine are considered the best solvent for flue gas cleaning because of the low partial pressure of CO2 in the flue gas. Monoethanolamine is a suitable solvent at low partial pressures of CO2 in the gas stream since it reacts quickly, and the cost of the raw materials is lower than secondary and tertiary amines. However, the operating cost of chemical absorption processes with monoethanolamine is high due to high energy cost in regenerating and operational problems such as corrosion, solvent loss, and solvent degradation. In addition, loading capacity of monoethanolamine can only be up to about 0.5mol of CO2/mol of monoethanolamine because of the formation of stable carbamates. Loading capacity of Tertiary alkanolamines such as methyldiethanolamine can reach 1mol of CO2/mol alkanolamine, and the energy consumption for regeneration is lower. However, the rates of CO2 absorption are low which make them not feasible for CO2 capture. A wide variety of alkanolamines that have proven to be commercially suitable for acid gas removal by chemical absorption are monoethanolamine, diethylaniline, methyldiethanolamine, and diglycolamine. The r eaction of CO2 with primary and secondary alkanolamines to produce carbamates increases the CO2 interfacial mass transfer rate dramatically compared to the mass transfer rate without the chemical reactions and under the same driving force. However, because carbamate formation leads to the requirement of large amount of heat, the regeneration energy is significantly high. On the other hand, the slower reaction of tertiary amines with CO2 produces only bicarbonate and carbonate with a lower heat of reaction. Nevertheless, reaction with tertiary amines cannot raise the interfacial mass transfer rate to an ideal extent. Diglycolamine is also a primary amine that can be used at 50–70 wt% amines, leading to greatly lower circulation rates and energy requirements. The reactivity of diglycolamine is similar with monoethanolamine, but diglycolamine has a much lower vapor pressure. Thus, diglycolamine can be used in a more concentrated solution with less solvent flow rate. Therefore, a ccording to the property of individual solvents, graduate students are required to select a diverse combination of solvents with different concentration and to measure their CO2 mass transfer rate with a wetted wall column. The construction of wetted wall column apparatus is described as the follows. The gas–liquid contactor in the center is constructed by a stainless-steel tube. The column is enclosed by a thick cylindrical wall glass and the whole chamber is surrounded by a second glass wall. Water flowing between the two glass walls can be used as a heat transfer medium. The absorbent is pumped into the column and flows down from the top and forms a thin liquid film along the outside surface of the column. Feed gas enters near the base of the chamber, counter-currently contacts with liquid and then exits from the top. During the experiment, the temperature in the chamber needs to be controlled to constant, and inside the reactor pressure is also maintained constant. The ga s concentrations are measured with the non-dispersion infrared sensor continuously. Measurement of CO2 content in the inlet and outlet gas stream provides CO2 partial pressure and CO2 flux between gas and liquid. Other physical properties are analyzed by the different equipment such as density and viscosity is measured by density meter and viscometer respectively. In the process of CO2 absorption, the molar flux of CO2 from the gas stream to the absorbents can be expressed as: (1) In addition, =+ (2) is the gaseous molar flux of CO2. KG is the overall mass transfer coefficient, PCO2 and PCO2* are partial pressure of CO2 in the gas stream and at equilibrium in the liquid respectively. kG and kG’ are gas and liquid mass transfer coefficient respectively. kG is a function of both the physical diffusion of the reactants in the liquid and the effect of the chemical reaction. In addition, the flux can be calculated if the contact area between the gas and the liquid as well as the amount of CO2 absorbed per unit of time is known. The flux can be calculated from equation (3): (3) PCO2,in and PCO2,out are the partial pressure of CO2 in the inlet and outlet of the chambers which can be measured, P is the pressure in the chamber which can be measured by a pressure transducer, Qg is the flow rate of gas at the entrance of the chamber (m3/sec), including the water and solvent in the gas phase. The flow rates of water and solvent in the chamber are calculated with the thermodynamic model. Vm is the molar volume at the experimental conditions (mol/m3) and A is the contact area between the gas and the liquid. Therefore, by measuring the absorption flux at different partial pressures of CO2 and by using equation (1), it is possible to determine the overall mass transfer coefficient KG by plotting the flux as a function of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the chamber. After this part of experiment, we are able to screen some promising mixed solvents and carry out subsequent experiment with them. Work plan 2: evaluate CO2 loading capacity of different mixed solvents (years 3-4) In this section, graduate students need to measure CO2 loading capacity of the left mixed solvent with vapor-liquid equilibrium system. The vapor–liquid equilibrium system includes a CO2 supplier, a reactor, a measuring device that indicates temperature and pressure, and a computer that records CO2 pressure immediately. The reactor is batch reactor with a magnetic stirrer at the bottom to increase the gas–liquid contact area. Equilibrium partial pressure of CO2 in the reactor can be expressed as follows: P*CO2=P*-P0 (4) P* is the equilibrium pressure at the absorption equilibrium and P0 is the initial pressure. The mole of the CO2 entered can be calculated by the ideal gas law as follows: nSCO2= (5) PSi is the initial pressure of supplier. PSt is the pressure of supplier after injection of CO2. VS is the volume of supplier, TS is the temperature of supplier and R is gas constant. The mole of gaseous CO2 in the reactor at equilibrium can also be determined by the ideal gas law. nRCO2= (6) In the above equation, PRi is the initial pressure of reactor. PRt is the pressure of reactor after equilibrium VR, TR are volume of reactor and temperature of reactor, respectively. Eventually, the total amount of absorbed CO2 can be determined by Eq (7). nabsorbedCO2=nSCO2-nRCO2 (7) The loading capacity can be expressed by molar solubility which is the mole of the CO2 absorbed divided by the mole of absorbent: NCO2loading= (8) By comparing CO2 loading capacity, we are able to get rid of some mixed solvents with poor CO2 loading capacity. Then, left mixed solvents are selected for further research. The concentration of mixed solvents is also very important. In order to get the specific concentration at which mixed solvent can work best, wetted wall column experiments and vapor-liquid equilibrium experiments are required to conduct repetitively. Work plan 3: Simulation of process (years 4-5) In case, we can obtain suitable mixed solvents from above sections and according to the kinetics study in work plan 1, graduate students will be assigned to simulate the process of CO2 capture pilot plant using chemical absorption method. The simulation is manipulated with Aspen plus Software. The objectives of this work are as follows: Firstly, by carrying out the simulation, we can collect the data of CO2 removal efficiency. Besides, the simulation can help to determine the energy consumption in the CO2 capture pilot plant. Based on these data, we can screen the mixed solvents which can reduce the processing cost. Moreover, the simulation of the process is also an efficient way to evaluate a capture process and to optimize the process in order to reduce the heat, water and electricity consumption. At last, when further research is done such as test the solvent performance in a pilot plant, we can compare the data collected from the pilot plants with simulation data to perform the v erification. 4 Anticipated significance of the work After devoting over five years to this project, we hope to find a better absorbent by developing mixed solvent in CO2 capture technology. This outcome will not only increase the efficiency of the chemical absorption CO2 capture technology but also reduce the energy consumption of this technology. Since the chemical absorption technology is widely used for CO2 capture, the discovery of an innovative solvent will definitely make this technology more competitive. 5 Training for graduate students and researchers This project will develop graduate students’ skills of carrying out wetted water column and vapor-liquid equilibrium experiments as well as the ability to calculate mass transfer rate and CO2 loading capacity. In addition, graduate students will also obtain the skills of processing and analyzing data. This project also requires students have skills of using software related to chemical engineering such as Aspen plus. The working experience on the project will provide students ability of performing multi-task, creativity, critical thinking ability, detail-oriented characteristic. The ability will be significantly helpful for their future career and will make them competitive among peers. Reference [1] Jinzhao Liu. Study on mass transfer and kinetics of CO2 absorption into aqueous ammonia and piperazine blended solutions [J].Chemical Engineering Science, 2012, 75: 298-308. [2] Hendy Thee, Yohanes A. Suryaputradinata, Kathryn A. A kinetic and process modeling study of CO2 capture with MEA-promoted potassium carbonate solutions [J]. Chemical Engineering Science, 2012, 210: 271-279. [3] Victor Darde. CO2 capture using aqueous ammonia: kinetic study and process simulation [J]. ScienceDirect, 2011,4: 1443-1450. [4] Dey A, Aroonwilas A. CO2 absorption into MEA-AMP blend: mass transfer and absorber height index. Energy Procedia 2009. [5] Mondal MK. Solubility of carbon dioxide in an aqueous blend of diethanolamine and piperazine. Journal of Chemical Engineering Data 2009;54: 2381e5. [6] Lepaumier H, Martin S, Picq D, Delfort B, Carrette PL. New amines for CO2 capture III, effect of alkyl chain length between amine functions on polyamines degradation. Industrial Engineering Chemistry Research 2010; 49:4553e60. [7] Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). Post-combustion CO2 capture technology [8] Yaser Khojasteh Salkuyeh. Reduction of CO2 capture plant energy requirement by selecting a suitable solvent and analyzing the operating parameters [J]. Energy Research, 2012, 37: 973-981.

On the Maintenance of a Small Business Essay

Creative Cuisine Concepts is a small business run by Sharon F. Johnson, employing twenty five staff members, and serving fifteen hundred meals at one of the cafeterias of America Hondo Motor Co. The company was going through severe financial trouble with its mounting debt, inability to make payments to vendors, and mismanagement of financial accounts. Johnson’s business partner left the company, and so she had to cash out her 401(k) retirement savings to save her small business. She also had to borrow money from the small inheritance of her husband so as to maintain her business. Nevertheless, the small business remained in financial trouble. This was before Johnson was advised by her mentor at American Honda to seek help for the financial statements of her small business. Subsequently, the lady hired an accountant for her business and opted for an accounting software program in place of the paper-based system. She also began to take a training course, sponsored by the Los Angeles chapter of the National Assn. of Women Business Owners, to improve her business and leadership skills. Johnson’s failing company began to recover soon after. She expects her business to breakeven in the near future. With the results that she has achieved thus far, she has additionally planned to grow her business from $1. 5 million to $50 million in revenue (Zwahlen). Zwahlen’s article, â€Å"Recovering from Financial Turmoil† about Creative Cuisine Concepts, describes many of the challenges faced by small businesses that are mentioned in the textbook. When Johnson’s business partner left the company, she became a sole proprietor of Creative Cuisine Concepts facing personal financial liability for all business debts. Moreover, the textbook mentions that the owners of small businesses have to be rather creative so as to maintain their businesses in the face of trials, such as mismanagement and cash flow problem. Johnson had to be rather innovative to save her business from the turmoil that it faced. She had to borrow from her husband’s inheritance, and cash out her retirement savings plan. Also according to the textbook, this is the usual route taken by the owners of small businesses who must use up their personal funds to maintain their companies. As compared to public companies, it is difficult for privately owned businesses to raise funds. Lastly, the textbook mentions management problems at small businesses that do not have the funds to hire a large number of competent people. Johnson had to take a business and leadership course to enhance her skills. The course was sponsored by an association of business women, who are known to head a large number of small businesses in the United States, according to the textbook. In my opinion, Johnson should also approach the Small Business Administration (SBA) to help her business meet its new goal of raising $50 million in revenue. As a matter of fact, the owner of the small business should have approached the SBA at the time her business was going through severe financial trouble. SBA could have provided her with a guarantee for a small business loan from a bank or private lender. It could also have helped her obtain a microloan. Furthermore, there are Small Business Investment Companies that Johnson could have approached. Although her creativity to gather the much-needed funds, apart from her motivation to gain new skills and put a new financial system into place must be applauded – the assistance of SBA could have saved her from the worries that she faced.

Intercultural communication with the peterson family Essay

After a year of living with my brother, I moved in to live with the Peterson family in Montclair, California. Jason Peterson was a physics professor at the University of California at Berkeley while Mary Peterson was a schoolteacher. Living with the Peterson family made me grapple with the difference between American and Afghan culture. The American way of expressing affection in public and open intimate relationships at first shocked me. Afghans are very personal and private when it comes to displays of affection. Kissing your wife or girlfriend in front of others would be a serious breach of manners. The expression of affection between Jason and Mary when one of them arrived from work used to make me uncomfortable but I eventually got used to it. I still find it truly paradoxical that while Americans openly display affections, the value they accord to privacy and personal space is very high. I could not comprehend why they value privacy when in fact they could not keep intimate shows of affection in private. At first, I would often innocently intrude into the room of Jason to ask something. Or, when he was deep in thought in the living room wrestling with what looked like a work-related task, I would tactlessly start a conversation with him. In situations like those, his reaction would be one of initial shock. Sensing that my act was prompted by my desire to express belonging with the Peterson family, Jason would break into a knowing smile. I knew he could feel my embarrassment, as I did with his own embarrassment for his initial show of displeasure. Becoming aware of the discomfort I caused in those situations, I eventually resolved to keep my distance in those situations and to respect privacy according to American standards. Like most Americans, Mr. Peterson was direct and to the point when discussing matters with his wife. With me, however, he chose to make me learn American social norms through his reaction to what I did or what I was doing. I took cues from his reaction and I was certain that he simply did not want me to feel ashamed of my actuations. After a month, we got to sit down together from time to time. He started asking me about Afghanistan. Being given the chance to share with him the life and cultural practices in Afghanistan seemed to unburden me. Through our conversations, he began to understand me in a different light and I am grateful that those conversations did happen. I also began to understand and accept American culture for what it is. At first, whenever I encountered a seemingly weird American custom from the Afghan viewpoint, I would automatically and mentally scrounge for a similar custom of Afghanistan and attempt to compare them. I eventually realized that this automatic evaluation of American culture that I usually do as some sort of a reflex action is a contributory factor to my resistance to some aspects of American culture and may perhaps even be a hindrance to my assimilation of the host culture. Even if I was close to Mr. Peterson on account of our â€Å"cultural conversations,† I maintained physical and emotional distance from Mrs. Peterson. In hindsight, I also realize that such aloofness on my part did not spring from the fact I did not like her. In fact she was such a very gracious and accommodating lady that sometimes her concern embarrassed me. I still unconsciously carried with me the Afghan notion that another man’s wife or female children are off limits to others. Afghan strictures relating to the marriage bond are much more demanding than those of Americans. Perhaps I was apprehensive that Mr. Peterson would look at my attempts to communicate with his wife from an Afghan standpoint. In this case, I was on the losing end. I could have had a more profound communication level with Mrs. Peterson as I had with her husband if only I did not have such an apprehension at the back of my mind. The American concept of personal space was something that I could not comprehend at all. For Afghans, one’s family extended to almost all relatives unlike the very exclusive nuclear family of Americans. This extends to the use of gadgets and other household items. When my Afghan friends came to visit me in the residence of the Peterson family, some of my Afghan friends unconsciously behaved as though the family that I was with was Afghan. They engaged in horseplay and laughed boisterously which did not sit well with the Petersons, using their reaction as basis. I cautioned my friends who, to my relief, took my admonition seriously. When they all became very quiet on account of my warning, the atmosphere became unbearably silent. The Peterson couple sensed the sudden change of mood and in their embarrassment took pains to make me and my friends feel welcome. Such an event would not have happened if my friends and I had been conscious of the fact that the American concept of family and belonging did not extend to friends and relatives, the way the Afghan concept does.

Essay about Utilitarianism and Happiness - 845 Words

This theory advocates that the actions worth is determined by maximizing utility (pleasure or happiness).it looks at the consequence of an action as to whether the outcome is good to the majority of people affected by it. According to Bentham, utilitarianism is the greatest happiness or greatest felicity principle. There are many types of this theory which include act vs. rule, two level, motive, negative and average vs. total. (Clifford G., John C. 2009) In act utilitarianism, when people have to make choices, they should consider the consequences of each choice and then choose that which will generate much pleasure. The rule utilitarianism looks at the rules of actions which are potential and looks at what would happen if a certain†¦show more content†¦Utility measurement should not be restricted to a nation or a group but to all mankind. It this theory all actions are assessed depending on the outcome they give at the end. A utilitarian acts in such a way that everything he does is towards achieving an outcome which is good for it to be termed moral. Some wars however do not give good results and this is why a pacifist will not advocate for such. These include self-defense and those wars that are toward protecting genocides. The consequentiality prohibitions given against war are contingent for most parts. Utilitarianism view of pacifism is grounded in some rule-utilitarianism. A utilitarian pacifist argues that a rule against war or other sorts of violence will tend to promote the greatest happiness for majority of the people involved. Also this prohibition against violence can give greatest happiness and this takes into account the sentient beings happiness other than humans. From history, war produces more harm than what people view as good. There is one problem however for consequentalists as to whether war could cause more suffering that solving the problem. Utilitarian defenders then say that some of these wars increased pain and suffering. If people will go against wars then, happiness will be the ultimate result. In this theory, killing is justified if it will eventually give happiness in the end. An individual can act the way he wants but should be careful not toShow MoreRelatedUtilitarianism And Happiness755 Words   |  4 PagesUtilitarianism has surrounded the view of happiness and ways to endorse it. The thought here is that all individuals look for joy, which is the objective of all individuals. At the point when an individual act is decent, he or she should attempt to achieve the best conceivable measure of happiness which is known as the greatest happiness principle. An individual must continuously deliver happiness, to decrease unhappiness. The theory is entirely centered around the result of an individual s actions;Read MoreUtilitarianism and Happiness945 Words   |  4 PagesUtilitarianism In his book, J.S. 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